I regularly see, un-wealthy individuals, make statements to the effect that everyone should be taxed equally and that the progressive income tax structure is “un-American.” It’s true that the old progressive income tax structure saw the top tier paying 91% in 1963. It was dropped in 1964 to 70%. Then it was Republican Ronald Reagan who oversaw that 70% figure dropped even further to 28% by 1988.
Reagan did this without curbing spending, in fact he sharply increased spending on defense which contributed to a significant rise in the national debt. So, during the past 60 years, with the uber-wealthy paying less and less in income taxes, the national debt rose and the government was forced to begin to look at other places to save money.
Republicans went after healthcare and social programs, but never defense spending to help. Today, the government is shutdown while Republicans make their case to blame the poor for our dilemma. Democrats have largely tried to protect these safety nets for the lower classes suggesting that we raise the top tier tax rates to help cover the deficit while protecting the non-wealthy. These protections would cover Republicans, Democrats, Independants, everybody.
I will have to admit that I had a hard time justifying an income tax structure that took 91% of a person’s income. This rate did not kick in, however, until that person’s income hit $200,000 ($2M in today’s dollars). Still, such a rate would seem on the surface to be unconscionable. That is, of course, unless you realize that the uber-wealthy don’t actually subject themselves to much that is covered as “income subject to income taxes.”
While I would never hold myself out as a tax expert, it has long been accepted as fact that “tax dodges” are available to the wealthy but not for others. To try to understand how they do this I posed the question to the Google AI engine and came up with a rather detailed explanation. If you are curious, I have included that response below my writing.
Now, with the explanation of how the wealthy avoid paying their fair share, and knowing that hitting them hard with higher rates for what little they are not able to protect, I have a different attitude. I now say, “Tax the bastards.” We could then afford to feed the less fortunate among us, provide them with proper housing and healthcare, and join the rest of the civilized world.
The AI explanation of how the wealthy avoid taxes is provided below.
Yes, wealthy individuals often structure their finances to receive income or access capital in ways that legally avoid or minimize taxes, using strategies and incentives written into the U.S. Tax Code.
Key methods include:
1. The "Buy, Borrow, Die" Strategy
The primary way the ultra-rich avoid income and capital gains taxes is by not selling their appreciating assets, thus not "realizing" an income event.
• Buy Assets: They invest in assets like stocks and real estate that grow significantly in value over time.
• Borrow Against Assets: Instead of selling, they use their appreciated assets as collateral for personal loans to fund their lifestyles or new investments. Since loan proceeds are not considered income by the IRS, the cash they access is tax-free.
• Die and Pass Assets: When the individual dies, their heirs inherit the assets with a "stepped-up" cost basis, meaning the asset's value is reset to its current market value at the time of death. This legally erases any capital gains tax that would have been owed on the appreciation during the original owner's lifetime.
2. Structuring Income as Capital Gains
Wealthy business owners often take minimal or no salary and receive compensation through stock options or profit distributions, which are generally taxed at a lower long-term capital gains rate (0% to 25% for long-term gains) rather than the higher ordinary income tax rates (up to 37% for top earners).
3. Strategic Real Estate Investments
The real estate market offers numerous tax advantages:
• Depreciation: Property owners can deduct a building's cost over time through depreciation, even if the property is actually increasing in value, which can offset other taxable income.
• 1031 Exchanges: This allows an investor to defer capital gains taxes indefinitely on the sale of a property by reinvesting the proceeds into a "like-kind" property.
• Deductions: Significant expenses like mortgage interest, property taxes, and maintenance costs can be deducted.
4. Charitable Donations
Donations to qualified charities and private foundations provide large, immediate tax deductions that can significantly lower a wealthy person's taxable income. Donating appreciated stock or real estate allows them to avoid capital gains tax on the asset and still receive a deduction for its full market value.
5. Converting Personal Assets to Business Expenses
The ultra-rich often place luxury items like private jets and vacation homes under a corporate structure. This allows them to deduct operational costs, maintenance, and depreciation as legitimate business expenses, even with some personal use within IRS guidelines.
6. Utilizing Trusts and Offshore Holdings
Complex trust structures can be used for estate planning and wealth preservation, helping to shield assets from gift and estate taxes when passed to heirs. Offshore accounts and holding companies can also be used to defer or reduce tax exposure in high-tax jurisdictions.
Summary
These strategies, while legal, demonstrate how the wealthy can accumulate vast fortunes and live off their wealth without generating the type of traditional "income" (like wages) that is heavily taxed for most Americans. This results in the richest Americans often paying a lower effective tax rate than average taxpayers.